The ketogenic diet improves memory in aging mice by enhancing synapse function through a newly identified molecular signaling pathway involving ketone bodies, particularly β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Future research seeks to replicate these benefits without the diet by targeting specific pathways.
Understanding these mechanisms offers new targets for enhancing memory, potentially without the need for a ketogenic diet.
The ketogenic diet has both enthusiasts and critics among dieters, but it undeniably has a scientifically documented impact on memory in mice. In their research, Buck scientists and a team from the University of Chile discovered how this high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet enhances memory in older mice. They identified a novel molecular signaling pathway that improves synapse function, shedding light on the diet’s benefits for brain health and aging. These findings, published in the June 5, 2024, issue of Cell Reports Medicine, offer new avenues for targeting memory effects at a molecular level without the need for a ketogenic diet or its byproducts.
“Our work indicates that the effects of the ketogenic diet benefit brain function broadly, and we provide a mechanism of action that offers a strategy for the maintenance and improvement of this function during aging,” said the study’s senior author, Christian González-Billault, PhD, who is a professor at the Universidad de Chile and director of their Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, and adjunct professor at the Buck Institute.
Collaboration and Previous Findings
“Building off our previous work showing that a ketogenic diet improves healthspan and memory in aging mice, this new work indicates that we can start with older animals and still improve the health of the aging brain, and that the changes begin to happen relatively quickly,” said John Newman, MD, PhD, whose laboratory at Buck collaborated with Dr. González-Billault on the study. Newman is both an assistant professor at the Buck Institute, and a geriatrician at University of California, San Francisco. “It is the most detailed study to date of the ketogenic diet and aging brain in mice.”
More than a century ago, researchers observed that rats that consumed less food lived longer. “We now know that being able to manipulate lifespan is not about specifically eating less,” said Newman, but actually is related to signals inside cells that turn on and off specific pathways in response to available nutrients. Many of those pathways are related to aging, such as controlling protein turnover and metabolism.
Some of those signals are the ketone bodies, which consist of acetoacetate (AcAc), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and to a much lesser extent, acetone. These molecules are routinely produced in the liver. They ramp up when glucose is in short supply, whether due to caloric restriction, intense exercise, or low carbohydrate intake, such as with a ketogenic diet.
Previous Studies on Ketogenic Diet and Longevity
Seven years ago, Newman led a team that published the first proof of the concept that if a ketogenic diet exposes mice to increased levels of ketone bodies over much of their adult life, it helps them to live longer and age in a more healthy way. “The most striking effect on their health as they aged was that their memory was preserved; it was possibly even better than when they were younger,” he said.
The current study, designed to answer what part of the ketogenic diet was having the effect and how it was affecting the brain on a molecular level to improve memory, was led by González-Billault in collaboration with scientists at the Buck. Mice on a ketogenic diet are fed a ratio of 90 percent calories from fat and 10 percent from protein, while mice on a control diet received the same amount of protein but only 13 percent fat. The test mice, of “advanced age” of more than two years old, received one week of the ketogenic diet, cycled with one week of the control diet, to keep the mice from overeating and becoming obese.
Neurophysiological and Behavioral Experiments
The benefits of the ketogenic diet, said, González-Billault, were demonstrated through neurophysiological and behavioral experiments with the mice that test how well the mechanisms involved in memory generation, storage, and retrieval function in aged animals. When these showed that the ketogenic diet appeared to benefit how well the synapses responsible for memory worked, they took a deep dive into the protein composition at these synapses in the hippocampus, in collaboration with Buck professor Birgit Schilling, PhD, who directs the Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Center.
“Surprisingly, we saw that the ketogenic diet caused dramatic changes in the proteins of the synapse,” said Schilling. Even more surprising, she said, was that the changes started after a relatively brief exposure to the diet (tested after only one week on the diet) and only became more pronounced over time (tested again after six weeks and a year).
Further testing indicated that in synapses, a particular signaling pathway (protein kinase A, which is critical to synapse activity) was activated by the ketogenic diet. In isolated cells, the team then showed that it appears that BHB, the main ketone body produced in a ketogenic diet, is activating this pathway. This leads to the idea, said González-Billault, that ketone bodies (specifically BHB) play a crucial role not only as an energy source, but also as a signaling molecule.
“BHB is almost certainly not the only molecule in play, but we think this is an important part of understanding how the ketogenic diet and ketone bodies work,” said Newman “This is the first study to really connect deep molecular mechanisms of ketone bodies all the way through to improving the aging brain.”
Looking forward, he said, the next step would be to see if the same memory protection could be achieved by using BHB alone, or possibly going even more targeted than that by manipulating the protein kinase A signaling pathway directly. “If we could recreate some of the big-picture effects on synapse function and memory just by manipulating that signaling pathway in the right cells,” he said, “we wouldn’t even need to eat a ketogenic diet in the end.”
Reference: “Ketogenic diet administration later in life improves memory by modifying the synaptic cortical proteome via the PKA signaling pathway in aging mice” by Diego Acuña-Catalán, Samah Shah, Cameron Wehrfritz, Mitsunori Nomura, Alejandro Acevedo, Cristina Olmos, Gabriel Quiroz, Hernán Huerta, Joanna Bons, Estibaliz Ampuero, Ursula Wyneken, Magdalena Sanhueza, Felipe Arancibia, Darwin Contreras, Julio César Cárdenas, Bernardo Morales, Birgit Schilling, John C. Newman and Christian González-Billault, 5 June 2024, Cell Reports Medicine.
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101593
This work was supported in part through funds from the National Institutes of Health, the Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT), the Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy (IMPACT) at Universidad de Los Andes, and the Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID).
